It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in. Ephedra gerardiana has been similarly employed in indian folk medicine since old times. Mar 04, 2016 ephedra herb is defined in the sixteenth edition of the japanese pharmacopoeia jp as the terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica staf. Ephedra is a low stalky shrub with jointed green to brown stems and tiny unnoticeable leaves. Ephedra gerardiana is a perennial herb with few leaves that is composed primarily of fibrous stalks. Plants profile for ephedra gerardiana gerard jointfir.
Ephedra gerardiana tincture is effective as a cardiac and circulatory stimulant. May 18, 2015 the medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. In the lahaul valley, it is used for curing liver disorders. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in. Transtorine 1, a new quinoline alkaloid, isolated from the aerial part of ephedra transitoria by column chromatography, was identified as 4quinolone2carboxylic acid. Transtorine, a new quinoline alkaloid from ephedra.
Pdf evaluation of ephedrine content and identification. Free part of leaves subulate to narrowly triangular, to 5 mm, apex sharply pointed 7 e. In this study, a validated hptlc method was developed for the quantification and identification of the elite chemotype of e. Jun 16, 2017 a high altitude plant used to treat altitude sickness ephedra is the source of the drug ephedrine, and it has been used in chinese medicine to treat respiratory complaints since at least 5000 bc. Ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions attenuate freund complete adjuvant induced arthritis in sprague dawley rats by downregulating pge2, cox2, il1. Ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions. Ephedraceae is an evergreen xerophytic shrub and is used in indian and chinese folk medicine since ancient times. Ephedra gerardiana is an evergreen shrub growing to 0.
These ephedra species have medicinal, ecological, and economic value. Ephedra major host botanical garden of the university of vienna, austria. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. However, the separation of ephedrine from pseudoephedrine may be accomplished by means of their corresponding oxalate salts.
Bracts of seed cones almost completely free, connate only at base, light brown and. Chemical constituents of ephedra gerardiana the ratio of ephedrine to dpseudo ephedrine seems to vary in different species, the real value of the herb being det ermined by high. The preparation method of ephedrine alkaloidsfree ephedra. Besides some ornamental species, an antibiotic, ephedrine is obtained from several species of ephedra, such as e gerardiana, e. Uniqueness of the zoroastrian method of preparing healing extracts. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their. The drug must be stored in moisture free containers.
Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage, medicinal properties botanical name. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. Ephedra is distributed in dry rocky zones and open slopes of alpine and. It gives forth small yellow flowers directly from these stalks, as well as round, red, edible fruits that ripen in autumn. Supplements containing ephedra extracts are a popular herbal stimulant. Meyer, or ephedra equisetina bunge ephedraceae, which have stems with ephedrine alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content greater than 0. A decoction of stems and roots of several species is used in curing syphilis and rheumatism. Ephedra gerardiana vulgaris epitonin californica indian. Ephedra is a plantbased herb that was originally used for curative purposes in chinese medicine. The ephedrine content in the indian variety varies from 0.
Ephedra vulgaris, epitonin, ephedra californica, indian jointfir, pakistani ephedra, ephedrine, brigham weed. Ephedra gerardiana foeniculum vulgare, mentha spicata, arnebia euchroma, bunium persicum, ocimum sanctum and clarified butter, sisamum indicum, saccharum officinalis was prepared based on the methodology described in ayurvedic formulary of india for avaleha preparation8 and tested for anti oxidant activity. Rainfall has adverse effect on the alkaloid content which generally increases with the age of plant. Bracts of seed cones almost completely free, connate only at base, light brown and membranous at maturity. The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332926 with original publication details. Purpose of assessment the federal office of consumer protection and food safety bvl, in collaboration with the als working party on dietary foods, nutrition and classification issues, has compiled a hit list of 10 substances, the consumption of which may pose a health risk. The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids. Ephedra gerardiana botanischer garten, dresden, germany dsc08778. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. Ephedra herb is defined in the sixteenth edition of the japanese pharmacopoeia jp as the terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica staf.
The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. It is the source of ephedrine alkaloids and has an extremely long history of use in china. Chemical composition of various ephedra species ncbi. Jpg from wikimedia commons, the free media repository jump to navigation jump to search.
Beverage made with the ephedra plant have been referred to under many names, e. Meaning, reproduction and economic importance gnetales. It enlarges and its nucleus divides several times by many free nuclear divisions to form as many as 256 nuclei in ephedra trifurca and. Transtorine exhibited growth inhibitory activity against the common bacteria, enterobacter cloacae, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. Biological source it is obtained from the dried tender stems of the chinese wonder drug ma huang which is being used in the chinese systems of medicine for more than five thousand years. Ephedra is a gymnosperm bearing thin stems, which are woody, cylindrical and approximately 5. Ephedrine is a bronchodilator and it raises heart rate and blood pressure. The female strobili appear on the plants in the month of april and the mature seeds are seen in september in ephedra gerardiana. The present study was aimed at evaluating the crude extracts of ephedra gerardiana root and stem with different chemicals for antioxidant and antimicrobial fungal and bacterial potential. The genus ephedra of the ephedraceae family contains more than 60 species of nonflowering seed plants distributed throughout asia, america, europe, and north africa. Enhanced proliferation and growth of human lung epithelial.
In this study, we have fabricated gelatin particles, loaded with solvent free ethyl acetate extract of ephedra gerardiana, and used human lung epithelial cells to demonstrate the feasibility of using the extracts as bioactive component that could enhance cell proliferation and aid in the natural cure for lung related disorders. Ephedra gerardiana ma huang, gerard jointfir pfaf plant. Research article enhanced proliferation and growth of. A high altitude plant used to treat altitude sickness ephedra is the source of the drug ephedrine, and it has been used in chinese medicine to treat respiratory complaints since at least 5000 bc. Ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. Ephedrine is effective in treating asthma, bronchitis, cough and hayfever. Ephedraceae ma huang ke fu liguo fu likuo1, yu yongfu. Screening of selected plant species of pakistan for their pharmacological activities maryam jamil doctoral thesis dissertation chemistry biochemistry publish your bachelors or masters thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales.
Evaluation of ephedrine content and identification of. Apr 15, 2020 ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. The structure was determined by spectroscopic methods. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in height, with small, yellow flowers. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. In this study, a validated hptlc method was developed for the quantification and identification of the elite. This page was last edited on 11 november 2015, at 20. Ephedra gerardiana wikispecies, free species directory. It is used in asthma, hay fever, rheumatism, syphilis and as cns stimulant due to its bioactive metabolite ephedrine. Evaluation of ephedrine content and identification of elite. Ephedra gerardiana in kew science plants of the world online. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ephedra. A member of the phylum gnetophyta, the ephedra genus is a perennial, dioecious shrub that reaches 1 12 to 4 feet tall 7.
Khan3,5 and larry walker4,5 1department of pharmacognosy. Ephedra gerardiana ephedrine will reach a height of 0. Which ephedra species contains the highest ephedrine %. Usually, the branches and tops are used to make medicine, but the root or whole plant can also be used. It is a perennial small shrub composed primarily of fibrous stalks, generally about 8 inches though sometimes growing to 24 inches in height, with small, yellow flowers followed by round. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. More recently, the importance of some ephedra species as potential cash crops in india and the united. Ephedra ephedras have been used at least for 5000 years in china, probably elsewhere. Bracts of seed cones almost completely free, connate only at base, light brown and membranous at. Chemical constituents of ephedra gerardiana the ratio of ephedrine to dpseudo ephedrine seems to vary in different species, the real value of the herb being det ermined by high ephedrine co ntent. Members of this genus contain various medicinally active alkaloids but notably ephedrine and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma and catarrh. Best in poor to moderately fertile, sharplydrained soil in full sun. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions of e.
Which ephedra species contains the highest ephedrine. Rainfall has adverse effect on the alkaloid content which generally increases with. Beds and borders, drought tolerant, gravel, ground cover, low maintenance, rock. Ephedra equisetina is the ephedra species that contains the highest ephedrine content although that is at the high end and there is a pretty wide range. Due to its stimulant properties, ephedra became a very popular fitness supplement promoting extreme levels of energy, fat reduction, and athletic performance. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus ephedra sciencedirect. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study on the stem of ephedra gerardiana article pdf available january 2015 with 4,199 reads how we measure reads. Abstract the genus ephedra of the ephedraceae family contains more than 60 species of.
Pdf stratification and mapping of ephedra gerardiana wall. Medicinal and aromatic plants of himachal pradesh narain. Screening of selected plant species of pakistan for their. Alkaloids alack, alack, is it not like that i, so early waking, what with loathsome smells, and shrieks like mandrakes torn out of. This book will serve as a useful companion to the students researchers, teachers, industrialists, collectors, cultivators, foresters and above all the students and practitioners of indian systems of medicinesayurveda, unani, homeopathy and ethnomedicines. It has many branched stems, straight branches and minute leaves, reduced to twotoothed sheaths or covering. Rhizome of ephedra gerardiana is used as fuel by the people of tibet. Even during the time of the roman empire, ephedra was well known and described until it was eventually dropped from medieval european literature jones, 1999.
Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage. While underway this process also needs to be free of physical shock, such as thumps, and quaking, since this retards the process. We utilized ionexchange column chromatography to eliminate ephedrine alkaloids from ephedra herb extract, resulting in ephedrine alkaloids free ephedra herb extract efe 14. The utilization of medicinal plants to treat infectious disease is a common practice in developing countries worldwide. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of. Development of microsatellite markers using illumina miseq. Ephedraceae, also referred to as ma huang in chinese, contains species that are sources of important chinese traditional and tibetan medicines konno et al.